Drum Pack Beta

Drum Pack Beta

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3 Apex 326 Rim Mounted Dynamic Drum Microphone e604 THREEPACK    US $159.00

Shure DMK57 52 Drum Mic Pack Beta 52a SM57 DMK Dynamic Microphone Kit    US $255.00

Home Recording Techniques Tips great for AKG D12 D112 Shure Beta 52 users    US $10.99

Shure DMK57 52 Drum Mic Pack Beta 52 52a SM57 SM 57 DMK    US $419.00

Shure DMK57 52 Drum Pack Beta 52 52a SM57 SM 57 DMK    US $429.00

Shure SLX24 BETA58 Handheld Wireless System L4 638 662 MHz    US $639.99

Shure Beta 52A Kick Drum Bass Mic Studio OPEN BOX Mint Condition Factory Pack    US $145.00

Shure ULXP14 98H M1 Wireless Bodypack System with WB98H C Cardioid Condenser Ins    US $929.00

Shure ULXP14 98H J1 Wireless Bodypack System with WB98H C Cardioid Condenser Ins    US $929.00

Shure BETA98AMP C 3PK Mic    US $699.00

Shure Beta 98AMP C 3PK Drum Mic 3 Pack    US $699.00

Shure SLX24 BETA58 Handheld Wireless System G4 470 494 MHz    US $639.99

Shure SLX24 BETA58 Handheld Wireless System G5 494 518 MHz    US $639.99

Shure SLX24 BETA58 Handheld Wireless System J3 572 596 MHz    US $639.99

Shure SLX24 Beta58 2 Pack Wireless Handheld Microphone System    US $1,299.99

Shure SLX24 Beta58 10 Pack Wireless Handheld Microphone System    US $6,399.99

Shure SLX24 Beta58 8 Pack Wireless Handheld Microphone System    US $5,149.99

Shure SLX24 Beta58 6 Pack Wireless Handheld Microphone System    US $3,899.99

Shure SLX24 Beta58 4 Pack Wireless Handheld Microphone System    US $2,599.99

Shure SLX24 Beta58 12 Pack Wireless Handheld Microphone System    US $7,699.99

Shure Beta 58A Vocal Microphone Free 25 Microphone Cable    US $159.97

TWO NEW SHURE BETA52a KICK DRUM MICROPHONES beta 52 mic    US $279.00

Shure ULXS14 98 Clip On Wireless Instrument System    US $759.00

Shure ULXP14 98H Instrument Wireless System    US $849.00

Shure DMK57 52 Drum Pack Beta 52 52a SM57 SM 57 DMK BONUS CABLES FREE T SHIRT    US $444.99

AKG D 112 Kick Drum Microphone    US $199.00

Shure SLX24 BETA58 Handheld Wireless System H5 518 542 MHz    US $639.99

SHURE DMK5752 Drum Mic Pack SM57 BETA52    US $384.00

Shure Beta 98AMP 3 pack    US $699.00

Shure Beta 181 S Instrument Mic    US $499.00

Shure Beta 181 O Instrument Mic    US $499.00

Shure RPM181 C Cardioid Capsule for Beta 181    US $249.00

Shure Beta 98AMP C Drum Mic    US $269.00

Shure Beta 181 C Instrument Mic    US $499.00

Shure Beta 98AMP C 3PK 3 Pack Instrument Mic    US $699.00

Shure Beta 98AD C Drum Mic    US $229.00

Shure KSM32 SL Condenser Mic    US $549.00

NEW Shure Beta98AMP C Beta 98 mic drum mic sax mic    US $269.00

Shure Beta 181 Mic Preamplifier    US $249.00

Shure Beta 181 Bi Instrument Mic    US $499.00

Shure RPM181 O Omnidirectional Capsule for Beta 181    US $249.00

Shure RPM181 S Supercardioid Capsule for Beta 181    US $249.00

Shure RPM181 BI Bidirectional Capsule for Beta 181    US $249.00

Shure Beta 52A Kick Drum Mic    US $189.00

Shure Beta 98AMP C 3PK Cardioid Drum Microphone Set 3 Pack    US $699.00

NEW SHURE BETA 52a KICK DRUM MICROPHONE beta52a beta 52a beta 52 beta52 beta 52    US $148.95

Shure Beta 98A C Instrument Mic    US $199.00

Shure RK183WS Black Foam Windscreen 4pk    US $17.99

10 GLS Audio ES 58 ES 57 Mic Mike ES58 ES57 37 205 206    US $279.99

Shure Beta 91A Kick Drum Mic    US $239.00

Used Shure Beta 98Amp/C 3Pk Drum Mic 3 Pack $636.09 The Shure Beta 98AMP/C 3PK gives you three Beta 98AMP/C drum microphones for a cost-effective way to optimized coverage of your kit on the stage or the studio. The Beta 98AMP/C drum microphone combines an integrated preamplifier with a miniature cardioid capsule to provide a smooth, natural tailored response for drums and percussion. The Beta 98AMP/C has a wide dynamic range and has a sound pressure level (SPL) capability 7dB higher than other Beta 98 versions. Uniform cardioid polar pattern provides maximum gain-before-feedback and rejection of off-axis sound for smooth high-end response and control. The Beta 98AMP/C has a miniature design that lets it be positioned in spaces where a full sized mic won't fit, and the included A75M universal microphone mount allows accurate and secure placement in any configuration. Includes a flexible gooseneck, snap-fit windscreen, and zippered carrying pouch.Premier live performance microphone with Shure quality, ruggedness, and reliabilityPrecision-engineered design features integrated preamplifier and XLR connectorUniform cardioid polar pattern provides maximum gain-before-feedback Superior rejection of off-axis soundFrequency response tailored for drums and percussion applicationsWide dynamic range for use in high SPL environmentsFlexible gooseneck for precise placement and easy adjustmentsShips with A75M Universal Microphone mountFurnished with snap-fit windscreen and zippered carrying pouchEnamel coated metal construction and stainless steel inner grille resist wear and abuse

Shure Beta 98Amp/C 3Pk Drum Microphone 3 Pack $699 The Shure Beta 98AMP/C 3PK gives you three Beta 98AMP/C drum microphones for a cost-effective way to optimized coverage of your kit on the stage or the studio. The Beta 98AMP/C drum microphone combines an integrated preamplifier with a miniature cardioid capsule to provide a smooth, natural tailored response for drums and percussion. The Beta 98AMP/C has a wide dynamic range and has a sound pressure level (SPL) capability 7dB higher than other Beta 98 versions. Uniform cardioid polar pattern provides maximum gain-before-feedback and rejection of off-axis sound for smooth high-end response and control. The Beta 98AMP/C has a miniature design that lets it be positioned in spaces where a full sized mic won't fit, and the included A75M universal microphone mount allows accurate and secure placement in any configuration. Includes a flexible gooseneck, snap-fit windscreen, and zippered carrying pouch.Premier live performance microphone with Shure quality, ruggedness, and reliabilityPrecision-engineered design features integrated preamplifier and XLR connectorUniform cardioid polar pattern provides maximum gain-before-feedback Superior rejection of off-axis soundFrequency response tailored for drums and percussion applicationsWide dynamic range for use in high SPL environmentsFlexible gooseneck for precise placement and easy adjustmentsShips with A75M Universal Microphone mountFurnished with snap-fit windscreen and zippered carrying pouchEnamel coated metal construction and stainless steel inner grille resist wear and abuse

Shure Beta 98Amp/C Drum Microphone $269 The Beta 98AMP/C drum microphone combines an integrated preamplifier with a miniature cardioid capsule to provide a smooth, natural tailored response for drums and percussion. The Beta 98AMP/C has a wide dynamic range and has a sound pressure level (SPL) capability 7dB higher than other Beta 98 versions. The uniform cardioid polar pattern provides maximum gain-before-feedback and rejection of off-axis sound for smooth high-end response and control. The Beta 98AMP/C has a miniature design that lets it be positioned in spaces where a full sized mic won't fit, and the included A75M universal microphone mount allows accurate and secure placement in any configuration. Includes a flexible gooseneck, snap-fit windscreen, and zippered carrying pouch.Premier live performance microphone with Shure quality, ruggedness, and reliabilityPrecision-engineered design features integrated preamplifier and XLR connectorUniform cardioid polar pattern provides maximum gain-before-feedback Superior rejection of off-axis soundFrequency response tailored for drums and percussion applicationsWide dynamic range for use in high SPL environmentsFlexible gooseneck for precise placement and easy adjustmentsShips with A75M Universal Microphone mountFurnished with snap-fit windscreen and zippered carrying pouchEnamel coated metal construction and stainless steel inner grille resist wear and abuse

Shure Beta 98Ad/C Drum Microphone $229 The Shure Beta 98AD/C is a precision-engineered compact, high-output miniature condenser microphone for professional sound reinforcement and studio recording. An extremely uniform cardioid polar pattern provides excellent gain-before-feedback and off-axis rejection of unwanted noise. Comes with the A98D drum mount with a flexible gooseneck that makes precise mic placement for toms, snares, and hand percussion a breeze.External in-line preamplifier for discrete cable placementUniform cardioid polar pattern provides maximum gain-before-feedback Superior rejection of off-axis soundFrequency response tailored for drums and percussion applicationsWide dynamic range for use in high SPL environmentsFlexible gooseneck for precise placement and easy adjustmentsShips with RK282 shock mount swivel adapter for attachment to any standard microphone stand

Shure Beta 91A Kick-Drum Microphone $239 The Shure Beta 91A is designed for use with kick drums, as well as other traditional low-frequency applications including piano. Featuring an updated microphone capsule, integrated preamplifier, and XLR connection, Beta 91A offers a strong low-frequency response and is specifically tailored for bass frequency applications. The Beta 91A combines superior attack and punch for studio-quality sound, even at extremely high sound pressure levels (SPL).A 2-position contour switch maximizes attack and clarity depending on application. Select the flat response setting for natural sound in most applications or the "low-mid scoop" setting for a strong low frequency "punch" with plenty of higher frequency attack. Requires phantom power. Comes with zippered pouch.Uniform half-cardioid polar pattern for maximum gain-before-feedback and rejection of off-axis soundPrecision-engineered low-profile design features integrated preamplifier and XLR connector to maximize setup efficiency while minimizing stage clutterFrequency response tailored for kick drum/low frequency applications Wide dynamic range for use in high SPL environmentsTwo-position contour switch to maximize attack and clarityRequires no external mounting or accessories for ease of use and storageFurnished with zipper pouch

Shure Beta 52A Kick Drum Microphone $189 The Shure Beta 52A Kick Drum Mic is a high-output, dynamic microphone with a frequency response tailored specifically for kick drums and other bass instruments. It provides superb attack and punch, and delivers studio-quality sound even at extremely high SPLs. Its modified supercardioid pattern ensures high gain-before-feedback and excellent rejection of unwanted sound.Channel Strips of the Stars: Ronan Chris MurphyWorld-class producer/engineer/mixer Ronan Chris Murphy's credits include King Crimson, Steve Morse, Terry Bozzio, Victor Bisetti, Gregg Bissonette, Tony Levin, and projects with members of Tool, Ministry, Weezer, Dishwalla, and Yes. A huge fan of A Designs Audio, Ronan was kind enough to share some of his drum-recording signal chains: "Well all of the drums for Terry Bozzio's Jazz trio were recorded with all A Designs Audio solid state preamps. For drum overheads I used Shure KSM32 condenser mics (#270141) into a Pacifica (#189903); for kick drums, I prefer the Shure Beta 52. Actually I have used the Shure KSM32 into Pacifica combo on tons of great drummers, including Terry Bozzio, Victor Bisetti (Los Lobos), Gregg Bissonette (Santana, David Lee Roth), and Pat Mastelotto (King Crimson, Mister Mister, The Rembrandts)."Note: for more information about individual units in the signal chain, enter the Item ID# into our search box.Frequency response shaped specifically for kick drums and bass instrumentsBuilt-in dynamic locking stand adapter with integral XLR connector simplifies setup, especially inside a kick drumStudio-quality performance, even at extremely high sound-pressure levelsSupercardioid pattern for high gain-before-feedback and superior rejection of unwanted noiseHardened steel mesh grille resists wear and abuseAdvanced pneumatic shockmount system minimizes transmission of mechanical noise and vibrationNeodymium magnet for high signal-to-noise ratio outputLow sensitivity to varying load impedanceLegendary Shure quality and reliability

Used Shure Beta 52A Kick Drum Mic $171.99 The Shure Beta 52A Kick Drum Mic is a high-output, dynamic microphone with a frequency response tailored specifically for kick drums and other bass instruments. It provides superb attack and punch, and delivers studio-quality sound even at extremely high SPLs. Its modified supercardioid pattern ensures high gain-before-feedback and excellent rejection of unwanted sound.Channel Strips of the Stars: Ronan Chris MurphyWorld-class producer/engineer/mixer Ronan Chris Murphy's credits include King Crimson, Steve Morse, Terry Bozzio, Victor Bisetti, Gregg Bissonette, Tony Levin, and projects with members of Tool, Ministry, Weezer, Dishwalla, and Yes. A huge fan of A Designs Audio, Ronan was kind enough to share some of his drum-recording signal chains: "Well all of the drums for Terry Bozzio's Jazz trio were recorded with all A Designs Audio solid state preamps. For drum overheads I used Shure KSM32 condenser mics (#270141) into a Pacifica (#189903); for kick drums, I prefer the Shure Beta 52. Actually I have used the Shure KSM32 into Pacifica combo on tons of great drummers, including Terry Bozzio, Victor Bisetti (Los Lobos), Gregg Bissonette (Santana, David Lee Roth), and Pat Mastelotto (King Crimson, Mister Mister, The Rembrandts)."Note: for more information about individual units in the signal chain, enter the Item ID# into our search box.Frequency response shaped specifically for kick drums and bass instrumentsBuilt-in dynamic locking stand adapter with integral XLR connector simplifies setup, especially inside a kick drumStudio-quality performance, even at extremely high sound-pressure levelsSupercardioid pattern for high gain-before-feedback and superior rejection of unwanted noiseHardened steel mesh grille resists wear and abuseAdvanced pneumatic shockmount system minimizes transmission of mechanical noise and vibrationNeodymium magnet for high signal-to-noise ratio outputLow sensitivity to varying load impedanceLegendary Shure quality and reliability

Evans Drum Key Pack $9.99 Includes magnetic drum key and drill-bit drum key.

Rhythmtech Drum Kit Pack $59.99 The Rhythm Tech Drum Kit Pack gives you everything you need to instantly add percussive textures to your drum sound. Includes a Studio Series cowbell, drum set tambourine, and mounting bracket.

Shure Rpm181/C Cardioid Capsule For Beta 181 $249 The Shure Beta 181/C is a cardioid capsule for the versatile Shure Beta 181 microphone. The RPM181/C is ideal for drum overhead, piano, acoustic instruments, and M/S stereo recording (paired with the Shure Beta 181/BI)The Shure Beta 181 (sold separately) is a multipurpose instrument microphone and can be used on a wide variety of applications including guitars, bass and drums (overheads and snares). It has a small diaphragm design that provides superior audio with textbook polar responses in a form factor compact enough to get close to the source in the tightest conditions. There are four different capsules available for the Beta 181 microphone: Cardioid (RPM181/C), Supercardioid (RPM181/S), Bi-directional (RPM181/BI), Omni-directional (RPM181/O). This makes the Beta 181 an extremely versatile and cost-effective mic that allows the user to interchange capsules according to the application. (Additional capsules sold separately).A cardioid capsule for the Shure Beta 181 micIdeal for drum overhead, piano, acoustic instruments, and M/S stereo recording

Shure Rpm181/Bi Bidirectional Capsule For Beta 181 $249 The Shure RPM181/BI is a bi-directional condenser capsule for the versatile Shure Beta 181 microphone. The Beta 181/BI capsule is ideal for mono drum overheads, and dual instrument sound source applications.The Shure Beta 181 (sold separately) is a multipurpose instrument microphone and can be used on a wide variety of applications including guitars, bass and drums (overheads and snares). It has a small diaphragm design that provides superior audio with textbook polar responses in a form factor compact enough to get close to the source in the tightest conditions. There are four different capsules available for the Beta 181 microphone: Cardioid (RPM181/C), Supercardioid (RPM181/S), Bi-directional (RPM181/BI), Omni-directional (RPM181/O). This makes the Beta 181 an extremely versatile and cost-effective mic that allows the user to interchange capsules according to the application. (Additional capsules sold separately). A bidirectional capsule for the Shure Beta 181 micIdeal for mono drum overheads, and dual instrument sound source applications

Shure Beta 181/C Instrument Microphone $499 The Shure Beta 181/C Instrument Mic is a Shure Beta RPM181/Pre preamp fitted with a Shure RPM181/C cardioid capsule. The RPM181/C is ideal for drum overhead, piano, acoustic instrument applications, and M/S stereo recording (paired with a Shure Beta 181/BI).The Shure Beta 181 a multipurpose instrument microphone and can be used on a wide variety of applications including guitars, bass and drums (overheads and snares). It has a small diaphragm design that provides superior audio with textbook polar responses in a form factor compact enough to get close to the source in the tightest conditions. The Beta 181 has a precision-engineered, side-address design that features an innovative locking ring to provide secure connection between capsule and preamplifier with integrated XLR connections.There are four different capsules available for the Beta 181 microphone: Cardioid (RPM181/C), Supercardioid (RPM181/S), Bi-directional (RPM181/BI), Omni-directional (RPM181/C). This makes the Beta 181 an extremely versatile and cost-effective mic that allows the user to interchange capsules according to the application. (Additional capsules sold separately). Comes with mic clip, zippered carrying case, and windscreen.This microphone requires phantom power and performs best with a 48 Vdc supply (IEC-61938). However, it will operate with slightly decreased headroom and sensitivity with supplies as low as 11 Vdc.Premier live performance microphone with Shure quality, ruggedness, and reliabilitySmall diaphragm design provides superior audio with textbook polar responsesThe RPM181/C is ideal for drum overhead, piano, acoustic instrument applications, M/S stereo recording (paired with the Beta 181/BI)Side-address form allows for discreet positioning in tight performance and recording settingsFrequency response tailored for wide dynamic range for use in high SPL environmentsCompact preamp attaches to four interchangeable capsules for custom flexibility (capsules sold separately)Innnovative locking ring provides a secure connection between capsule and preampHardened steel mesh grille resists denting, wear, and abuseCompact design, under 12 cm (5 in.), reduces stage clutterFurnished with stand adapter and carrying case

Shure Beta 181/Bi Instrument Microphone $499 The Shure Beta 181/BI Instrument Mic is a Shure Beta RPM181/Pre preamp fitted with a Shure RPM181/BI bidirectional capsule. The RPM181/BI capsule is ideal for mono drum overheads, and dual instrument sound source applications.The Shure Beta 181 a multipurpose instrument microphone and can be used on a wide variety of applications including guitars, bass and drums (overheads and snares). It has a small diaphragm design that provides superior audio with textbook polar responses in a form factor compact enough to get close to the source in the tightest conditions. The Beta 181 has a precision-engineered, side-address design that features an innovative locking ring to provide secure connection between capsule and preamplifier with integrated XLR connections.There are four different capsules available for the Beta 181 microphone: Cardioid (RPM181/C), Supercardioid (RPM181/S), Bi-directional (RPM181/BI), Omni-directional (RPM181/BI). This makes the Beta 181 an extremely versatile and cost-effective mic that allows the user to interchange capsules according to the application. (Additional capsules sold separately). Comes with mic clip, zippered carrying case, and windscreen.This microphone requires phantom power and performs best with a 48 Vdc supply (IEC-61938). However, it will operate with slightly decreased headroom and sensitivity with supplies as low as 11 Vdc.Premier live performance microphone with Shure quality, ruggedness, and reliabilitySmall diaphragm design provides superior audio with textbook polar responsesThe RPM181/BI capsule is ideal for mono drum overheads, and dual instrument sound source applicationsSide-address form allows for discreet positioning in tight performance and recording settingsFrequency response tailored for wide dynamic range for use in high SPL environmentsCompact preamp attaches to four interchangeable capsules for custom flexibility (capsules sold separately)Innnovative locking ring provides a secure connection between capsule and preampHardened steel mesh grille resists denting, wear, and abuseCompact design, under 12 cm (5 in.), reduces stage clutterFurnished with stand adapter and carrying case

Sound Percussion 5-Piece Drum Hardware Pack $199.99 This 5-Piece Sound Percussion Pack features heavy-duty drum hardware, ruggedly built for the uncompromising player. It includes all components necessary to set up your drum shell pack.

	Shure DMK57-52 Drum Microphone Kit List Price: $536.00 Sale Price: $369.00 Used From: $389.00
	The DMK57-52 Drum Mic Kit is a conveniently packaged selection of microphones and mounts, designed to offer a core package of microphones for recording and performing drummers at a great price. The Drum Mic Kit includes three SM57 microphones, one Beta 52A microphone, three A56D drum-mounting systems, and a durable carrying case...

	Shure SM58-LC Cardioid Vocal Microphone without Cable List Price: $188.00 Sale Price: $79.00 Used From: $179.00
	The Shure SM58 unidirectional (cardioid) dynamic vocal microphone is designed for professional vocal use in live performance, sound reinforcement, and studio recording. It has a legendary vocal response for singing or speech...

	Audix Professional 5-piece Drum Mic Package Includes Ultimate Support JS-KD50 Kick Drum Mic Stand & 5 Pack Comprehensive XLR Mic Cable 15' Sale Price: $659.00
	The DP5A is a perfect complement of dynamic microphones for close miking a 5 piece kit. All mics perform equally well whether it be on a live stage or in the studio.THE MICS:D6 for kick drumThe D6 has a frequency response of 30Hz-15kHz and is characterized with a cardioid pick-up pattern...

	Shure Beta 98AMP Miniature Condenser Drum Microphone (with A75M Drum Mount, 3 Pack) List Price: $874.00 Sale Price: $699.00

	Shure Beta 98AMP/C 3PK Drum Mic 3 Pack (Standard) List Price: $874.00 Sale Price: $699.00
	A drum microphone that combines an integrated preamplifier with a miniature cardioid capsule.

Eli Whitney, Jr

Early life

Whitney was born in Westborough, Massachusetts, on December 8, 1765, the eldest child of Eli Whitney Sr., a prosperous farmer. His mother, Elizabeth Fay of Westborough, died when he was eleven.[citation needed] At age fourteen he operated a profitable nail manufacturing operation in his father's workshop during the Revolutionary War. Because his stepmother opposed his wish to attend college, Whitney worked as a farm laborer and schoolteacher to save money. He prepared for Yale at Leicester Academy (now Becker College) and under the tutelage of Rev.Elizur Goodrich of Durham, Connecticut he entered the Class of 1789, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1792. Whitney expected to study law but, finding himself short of funds, accepted an offer to go to South Carolina as a private tutor. Instead of reaching his destination, he was convinced to visit Georgia. In the closing years of the eighteenth century, Georgia was a magnet for New Englanders seeking their fortunes (its Revolutionary era governor had been Lyman Hall, a migrant from Connecticut). When he initially sailed for South Carolina, among his shipmates were the widow and family of Revolutionary hero, General Nathanael Greene of Rhode Island. Mrs. Greene invited Whitney to visit her Georgia plantation, Mulberry Grove. Her plantation manager and husband-to-be was Phineas Miller, another Connecticut migrant and Yale graduate (Class of 1785), who would become Whitney's business partner.

Whitney is most famous for two innovations which later divided the United States in the mid-19th century: the cotton gin (1793), and his advocacy of interchangeable parts. In the South, the cotton gin revolutionized the way cotton was harvested and reinvigorated slavery. While in the North, the adoption of interchangeable parts revolutionized the manufacturing industry, and in time contributed greatly to their victory in the Civil War.

Career inventions

Interchangeable parts

Main article: Interchangeable parts

Though Whitney is popularly credited with the invention of a musket that could be manufactured with interchangeable parts, the idea predated him. The idea is credited to Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval, a French artillerist, and credits for finally perfecting the "armory system," or American system of manufacturing, is given by historian Merritt Roe Smith to Captain John H. Hall and by historian Diana Muir writing in Reflections in Bullough's Pond to Simeon North. In From the American System to Mass Production, historian David A. Hounshell described how de Gribeauval's idea propagated from France to the colonies via two routes: from Honor Blanc through his friend Thomas Jefferson, and via Major Louis de Tousard, another French artillerist who was instrumental in establishing West Point, teaching the young officer corps of the Continental Army, and establishing the armories at Springfield and Harpers Ferry.

By the late 1790s, Whitney was on the verge of bankruptcy and cotton gin litigation had left him deeply in debt. His New Haven cotton gin factory had burned to the ground, and litigation sapped his remaining resources. The French Revolution had ignited new conflicts between Great Britain, France, and the United States. The new American government, realizing the need to prepare for war, began to rearm. The War Department issued contracts for the manufacture of 10,000 muskets. Whitney, who had never made a gun in his life, obtained a contract in January, 1798 to deliver ten to fifteen thousand muskets in 1800. He had not mentioned interchangeable parts at that time. Ten months later, Treasury Secretary Wolcott sent him a "foreign pamphlet on arms manufacturing techniques," possibly one of Honor Blanc's reports, after which Whitney first began to talk about interchangeability. After spending most of 1799-1801 in cotton gin litigation, Whitney began promoting the idea of interchangeable parts, and even arranged a public demonstration of the concept in order to gain time. He did not deliver on the contract until 1809, but then spent the rest of his life publicizing the idea of interchangeability.

Whitney's defenders have claimed that he invented the American system of manufacturing -- the combination of power machinery, interchangeable parts, and division of labor that would underlie the nation's subsequent industrial revolution. While there is persuasive evidence that he failed to achieve interchangeability, his use of power machinery and specialized division of labor are well documented . When the government complained that Whitney's price per musket compared unfavorably with those produced in government armories, Whitney was able to calculate an actual price per musket by including fixed costs such as insurance and machinery, which the government had not included. He thus made early contributions to both the concept of cost accounting, and the concept of the efficiency of private industry.

Cotton gin

Main article: Cotton gin

Cotton Gin Patent. It shows sawtooth gin blades, which were not part of Whitney's original patent.

A cotton gin on display at the Eli Whitney Museum.

The cotton gin is a mechanical device which removes the seeds from cotton, a process which, until the time of its invention, had been extremely labor-intensive. The word 'gin' is actually short for engine. The cotton gin was a wooden drum stuck with hooks, which pulled the cotton fibers through a mesh. The cotton seeds would not fit through the mesh and fell outside. Whitney occasionally told a story where he was pondering an improved method of seeding the cotton and he was inspired by observing a cat attempting to pull a chicken through a fence, and could only pull through some of the feathers.

A single cotton gin could generate up to fifty-five pounds of cleaned cotton daily. This contributed to the economic development of the Southern states of the United States, a prime cotton growing area; some historians believe that this invention allowed for the African slavery system in the Southern United States to become more sustainable at a critical point in its development.

Whitney received a patent (later numbered as X72) for his cotton gin on March 14, 1794; however, it was not validated until 1807. Whitney and his partner Miller did not intend to sell the gins. Rather, like the proprietors of grist and sawmills, they expected to charge farmers for cleaning their cotton - two-fifths of the profits, paid in cotton. Resentment at this scheme, the mechanical simplicity of the device, and the primitive state of patent law, made infringement inevitable. As Whitney and Miller were unable to produce enough gins to meet demand, imitation gins began to spread. Ultimately, patent infringement lawsuits consumed the profits and their cotton gin company went out of business in 1797. One oft-overlooked point is that Eli Whitney originally suffered drawbacks with his first design. There is significant evidence that the design flaws were solved by a woman named Katherine Green, who Whitney gave no public credit or recognition.

While the cotton gin did not earn Whitney the fortune he had hoped for, it did give him fame and the cotton gin transformed Southern agriculture and the national economy. Southern cotton found ready markets in Europe and in the burgeoning textile mills of New England. Cotton agriculture revived the profitability of slavery and the political power of supporters of the South's "peculiar institution." By the 1820s, the dominant issues in American politics were driven by "King Cotton": maintaining the political balance between slave and free states and tariff protection for American industry. Cotton exports from the South boomed after the cotton gin's appearance (going from 180,000 pounds of total cotton production in 1793 to 93 million tons by 1810)[citation needed] while New England manufacturing companies struggled to compete against imported goods and clamored for tariff protection. The cotton interests led the country into war with Mexico, expecting a vast expansion of cotton agriculture. Cotton was a staple that could be stored for long periods and shipped long distances, unlike most agricultural food production.

Paradoxically, the cotton gin, a labor-saving device, helped preserve the weakening arguments for slavery, since cheap (slave) labor was needed to pick cotton. Later, the 20th century invention of the cotton-picker reduced the labor-intensive demands of cotton farming, and brought unemployment to many poor Southerners.

Milling machine

Main article: Milling machine

Machine tool historian Joseph W. Roe credited Eli Whitney with inventing the first milling machine. Subsequent work by other historians (Woodbury, Smith, Muir) suggests that Whitney was among a group of contemporaries all developing milling machines at about the same time (1814 to 1818). Therefore, no one person can properly be described as the inventor of the milling machine.

Later life and legacy

South side of Eli Whitney monument in the Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven, Connecticut

North side of monument

Despite his humble origins, Whitney was keenly aware of the value of social and political connections. In building his arms business, he took full advantage of the access that his status as a Yale alumnus gave him to other well-placed graduates, such as Secretary of War Oliver Wolcott (Class of 1778) and New Haven developer and political leader James Hillhouse. His 1817 marriage to Henrietta Edwards, granddaughter of the famed evangelist Jonathan Edwards, daughter of Pierpont Edwards, head of the Democratic Party in Connecticut, and first cousin of Yale's president, Timothy Dwight, the state's leading Federalist, further tied him to Connecticut's ruling elite. In a business dependent on government contracts, such connections were essential to success.

Whitney died at age 59 of prostate cancer on January 8, 1825, in New Haven, CT, leaving a widow and four children. During the course of his illness, he invented and constructed several devices to ease his pain mechanically. These devices, drawings of which are in his collected papers, were effective but were never manufactured for use of others due to his heirs' reluctance to trade in "indelicate" items.

At his death, his armory was left in the charge of his talented nephews, Eli Whitney Blake and Philos Blake, notable inventors and manufacturers in their own right (they invented the mortise lock and the stone-crushing machine).

Eli Whitney Blake (1820-1894) assumed control of the armory in 1841. Working under contract to inventor Samuel Colt, the younger Whitney manufactured the famous "Whitneyville Walker Colts" for the Texas Rangers. The success of this contract rescued Colt from financial ruin and enabled him to establish his own famous arms company. Whitney's marriage to Sarah Dalliba, daughter of the U.S. Army's chief of ordinance, helped to assure the continuing success of his business.

The younger Whitney organized the New Haven Water Company, which began operations in 1862. While this enterprise addressed the city's need for water, it also enabled Whitney to increase the amount of power available for his manufacturing operations at the expense of the water company's stockholders. A new dam made it possible to consolidate his operationsriginally located in three sites along the Mill Rivern a single plant. This dam still exists.

Whitney's grandson, Eli Whitney IV (1847-1924), sold the Whitney Armory to Winchester Repeating Arms, another notable New Haven gun company, in 1888. He served as president of the water company until his death and was a major New Haven business and civic leader. He played an important role in the development of New Haven's Ronan-Edgehill Neighborhood.

Following the closure of the armory, the factory site continued to be used for a variety of industrial purposes, including the water company. Many of the original armory buildings remained intact until the 1960s. In the 1970s, as part of the Bicentennial celebration, interested citizens organized the Eli Whitney Museum, which opened to the public in 1984. The site today includes the boarding house and barn that served Eli Whitney's original workers and a stone storage building from the original armory. Museum exhibits and programs are housed in a factory building constructed c. 1910. A water company office building constructed in the 1880s now houses educational programs operated by the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority (which succeeded the New Haven Water Company).

Eli Whitney and his descendants are buried in New Haven's historic Grove Street Cemetery. Yale College's Eli Whitney Students Program, which is one of the four doors into Yale College, is named after Whitney in recognition of his venerable age at the time of his entrance to Yale College in 1789; he was twenty-three years old. Eli Whitney is the great, great grandfather of Eli Whitney Debevoise II, the current U.S. Executive Director of the World Bank Group.

Mr. Whitney was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1975.

References

^ a b "Elms and Magnolias: The 18th Century". Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. 1996-08-16. http://www.library.yale.edu/mssa/elms/18th.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-19. 

^ a b c MIT Inventor of the Week archive profile. From a website funded and administered by Lemelson-MIT Program. Accessed 18 March 2008.

^ Who Belongs To Phi Beta Kappa, hi Beta Kappa website, accessed Oct 4, 2009

^ New Georgia Encyclopedia: Eli Whitney in Georgia Accessed 19 March 2008.

^ Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American system to mass production, 1800-1932: The development of manufacturing technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press, LCCN 83-016269, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8 .

^ Woodbury, Robert S. (1960). "The Legend of Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts." Technology & Culture 1.

^ Eli Whitney Project A website for The Eli Whitney Project

^ The Eli Whitney Museum and Workshop A website for The Eli Whitney Museum in Hamden, CT.

^ "A Chronicle of Eminent People buried in Grove Street Cemetery". Friends of the Grove Street Cemetery. http://www.grovestreetcemetery.org/Grove_Street_Cemetery_Chronicle_of_Eminent_People.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-19. 

Further reading

Battison, Edwin. (1960). "Eli Whitney and the Milling Machine." Smithsonian Journal of History I.

Cooper, Carolyn, & Lindsay, Merrill K. (1980). Eli Whitney and the Whitney Armory.

Whitneyville, CT: Eli Whitney Museum.

Dexter, Franklin B. (1911). "Eli Whitney." Yale Biographies and Annals, 1792-1805. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Company.

Hall, Karyl Lee Kibler, & Cooper, Carolyn. (1984). Windows on the Works: Industry on the Eli Whitney Site, 1798-1979.

Hamden, CT: Eli Whitney Museum

Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American system to mass production, 1800-1932: The development of manufacturing technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press, LCCN 83-016269, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8 .

Lakwete, Angela. (2004). Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Smith, Merritt Roe. 1973. "John H. Hall, Simeon North, and the Milling Machine: The Nature of Innovation among Antebellum Arms Makers." Technology & Culture 14.

Woodbury, Robert S. (1960). "The Legend of Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts." Technology & Culture 1.

Iles, George (1912), Leading American Inventors, New York: Henry Holt and Company, pp. 75-103, http://www.archive.org/details/leadingamericani00ilesrich 

External links

The Eli Whitney Museum

Eli Whitney Biography on at Whitney Research Group

Inventor of the Week: Eli Whitney (MIT)

Entry in New Georgia Encyclopedia

 "Whitney, Eli". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. 

Persondata

NAME

Whitney, Eli

ALTERNATIVE NAMES

SHORT DESCRIPTION

American inventor

DATE OF BIRTH

December 8, 1765(1765-12-08)

PLACE OF BIRTH

Westborough, Massachusetts, United States

DATE OF DEATH

January 8, 1825

PLACE OF DEATH

New Haven, Connecticut, United States

Categories: 1765 births | 1825 deaths | American business theorists | American engineers | American inventors | Burials at Grove Street Cemetery | Cancer deaths in Connecticut | Deaths from prostate cancer | English Americans | Firearm designers | History of the textile industry | Machine tool builders | National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees | People from Connecticut | People from Worcester County, Massachusetts | People of the Industrial Revolution | Westborough, Massachusetts | Whitney family | Yale University alumniHidden categories: Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism | Wikipedia protected pages without expiry | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008
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